In modern socio-economic conditions, the management of the human resources potential of the business is the basis for achieving a competitive advantage in a highly dynamic business environment. At the same time, the existing practice of working with personnel in organizations shows that the system of managing the personnel potential of the business requires special attention from both the owners and managers (managers) of different levels. The article considers the key aspects of managing the human resources capacity of enterprises and organizations, the analysis and accounting of which will increase the efficiency of the management system, ensuring the balance and integrity of the organization’s business system as well as raise the involvement of employees in the processes of activity. The authors analyse the experience of the implementation of the Program for the Training of Managerial Personnel for the Organizations of the National Economy of the Russian Federation from the standpoint of implementing the key aspects of human resources management of enterprises and organizations. A deeper study of the above key aspects of management will determine new approaches and technologies for managing the human resources capacity of not only regional economies, but also the national economy as a whole.