<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">guuvest</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник университета</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Vestnik Universiteta</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1816-4277</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2686-8415</issn><publisher><publisher-name>State University of Management</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26425/1816-4277-2022-2-114-123</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">guuvest-3363</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЭКОНОМИКА: ПРОБЛЕМЫ, РЕШЕНИЯ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ECONOMICS: PROBLEMS, SOLUTIONS AND PROSPECTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Контейнерные перевозки: на примере Восточной Африки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Container traffic: East African case</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9320-1730</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голубева</surname><given-names>В. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golubeva</surname><given-names>V. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ст. преподаватель, </p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer, </p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">golubevavs@gumrf.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7457-5403</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербинин</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbinin</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент, </p><p>г. Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Student, </p><p>St. Petersburg</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">scherbi.nik@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Государственный университет морского и речного флота имени адмирала С. О. Макарова»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Государственный университет морского и речного флота имени адмирала С.О. Макарова»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Admiral Makarov State University of Maritime and Inland Shipping<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>04</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>114</fpage><lpage>123</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Голубева В.С., Щербинин Н.В., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Голубева В.С., Щербинин Н.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Golubeva V.S., Shcherbinin N.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vestnik.guu.ru/jour/article/view/3363">https://vestnik.guu.ru/jour/article/view/3363</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья раскрывает исторические особенности внешней торговли Восточноафриканского региона и ее транспортного обеспечения. В ходе исследования выполнен анализ структуры экспортно-импортных грузопотоков Восточной Африки как в колониальный период, так и в настоящее время. Рассмотрены объекты инфраструктуры региона, в том числе морские порты, учтена их привлекательность для инвестиций и ведения бизнеса. Показан текущий уровень сервиса контейнерных линий по обслуживанию транспортной составляющей внешнеэкономических сделок, выделены главные порты Восточной Африки по уровню линейного сервиса и по контейнерообороту. Выявлены основные проблемы и возможности наращивания торговых поставок Восточной Африки и их логистического обслуживания. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article reveals the historical features of foreign trade and its transport support in the East African region. In the course of the study an analysis of the export-import cargo flows structure in East Africa both in the colonial period and at the present time has been carried out. The region infrastructure facilities, including seaports, have been considered, their attractiveness for investments and doing business has been taken into account. The current level of container line service for providing the foreign economic transactions transport component has been shown and the main East African ports by level of line service and container turnover have been identified. The main problems and opportunities for increasing East African trade supplies and their logistics services have been revealed. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Восточная Африка</kwd><kwd>контейнерные перевозки</kwd><kwd>контейнерная линия</kwd><kwd>внешняя торговля</kwd><kwd>морской порт</kwd><kwd>контейнерный терминал</kwd><kwd>грузопоток</kwd><kwd>транспортная инфраструктура</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>East Africa</kwd><kwd>container traffic</kwd><kwd>container line</kwd><kwd>foreign trade</kwd><kwd>seaport</kwd><kwd>container terminal</kwd><kwd>cargoflow</kwd><kwd>transport infrastructure</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diabate V. Africa and world trade: singularity participation of continent in 1990-2015, Innovatsii i investitsii, 2017, no. 5, pp. 91–96. (In Russian). = Диабатэ, В. Особенность участия Африки в мировой торговле 1990–2015 гг. // Инновации и инвестиции. – 2017. – № 5. – С. 91–96.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diabate V. Africa and world trade: singularity participation of continent in 1990-2015, Innovatsii i investitsii, 2017, no. 5, pp. 91–96. (In Russian). = Диабатэ, В. Особенность участия Африки в мировой торговле 1990–2015 гг. // Инновации и инвестиции. – 2017. – № 5. – С. 91–96.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Africa’s infrastructure: Great potential but little impact on inclusive growth. Chapter 3, African Development Bank, 2018, pp. 72. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/2018AEO/African_Economic_Outlook_2018_-_EN_Chapter3.pdf (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Africa’s infrastructure: Great potential but little impact on inclusive growth. Chapter 3, African Development Bank, 2018, pp. 72. Available at: https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Publications/2018AEO/African_Economic_Outlook_2018_-_EN_Chapter3.pdf (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Annual Reports and Statistics, Grand Port Maritime de La Reunion. Available at: https://reunion.port.fr/en/annual-reports-and-statistics/ (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Annual Reports and Statistics, Grand Port Maritime de La Reunion. Available at: https://reunion.port.fr/en/annual-reports-and-statistics/ (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ayoki M., Obwona M. Illicit trade in East Africa: What do we really know?, IPRA Working Paper no. 8, Kampala, Institute of Policy Research and Analysis, 2005, 42 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ayoki M., Obwona M. Illicit trade in East Africa: What do we really know?, IPRA Working Paper no. 8, Kampala, Institute of Policy Research and Analysis, 2005, 42 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baker C. A. Nyasaland, the history of its export trade, The Nyasaland Journal, 1962, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 7–35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baker C. A. Nyasaland, the history of its export trade, The Nyasaland Journal, 1962, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 7–35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bandmann H., Boettiger H., Cheminade J. [et al.] The Industrialization of Africa, Conference held by Fusion Energy Foundation, Paris, 1979, June, Campaigner Publ., 1980, 245 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bandmann H., Boettiger H., Cheminade J. [et al.] The Industrialization of Africa, Conference held by Fusion Energy Foundation, Paris, 1979, June, Campaigner Publ., 1980, 245 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bang J. K., Greve M., Westergaard-Kabelmann T. A. A Leading Trade Nation: The Role of Container Shipping and Logistics in Enhancing Trade and Economic Growth in China. Technical Report, Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School, 2014, pp. 55–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bang J. K., Greve M., Westergaard-Kabelmann T. A. A Leading Trade Nation: The Role of Container Shipping and Logistics in Enhancing Trade and Economic Growth in China. Technical Report, Copenhagen, Copenhagen Business School, 2014, pp. 55–57.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brooke C. H. Khat (Catha edulis): its production and trade in the Middle East, The Geographical Journal, 1960, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 52–59. https//doi.org/10.2307/1790429</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brooke C. H. Khat (Catha edulis): its production and trade in the Middle East, The Geographical Journal, 1960, vol. 126, no. 1, pp. 52–59. https//doi.org/10.2307/1790429</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brookfield H. C. New railroad and port developments in East and Central Africa, Economic Geography, 1955, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 60–70.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brookfield H. C. New railroad and port developments in East and Central Africa, Economic Geography, 1955, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 60–70.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brookfield H. C. Problems of monoculture and diversification in a sugar island: Mauritius, Economic Geography, 1959, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 25–40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brookfield H. C. Problems of monoculture and diversification in a sugar island: Mauritius, Economic Geography, 1959, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 25–40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bynum M. L. The world’s exports of coffee, Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1930, no. 110, pp. 38–41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bynum M. L. The world’s exports of coffee, Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1930, no. 110, pp. 38–41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Comoros. State of the Comoros, The Economist, The World in Figures, 1978, pp. 62. Available at: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-349-16437-0_53.pdf (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Comoros. State of the Comoros, The Economist, The World in Figures, 1978, pp. 62. Available at: https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-1-349-16437-0_53.pdf (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis A. B. Tobacco production and trade of Madagascar: (Malagasy Republic), Washington, D.C., US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964, no. 159, 9 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis A. B. Tobacco production and trade of Madagascar: (Malagasy Republic), Washington, D.C., US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1964, no. 159, 9 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Data Center. Maritime Transport. Container port throughput, annual, UNCTAD STAT. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Available at: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=13321 (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Data Center. Maritime Transport. Container port throughput, annual, UNCTAD STAT. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Available at: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=13321 (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Data Center. Maritime Transport. Liner shipping connectivity index, quarterly, UNCTAD STAT. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.Available at: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=92 (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Data Center. Maritime Transport. Liner shipping connectivity index, quarterly, UNCTAD STAT. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.Available at: https://unctadstat.unctad.org/wds/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=92 (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Djibouti Container Port Throughput, CEIC. Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/djibouti/container-port-throughput (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Djibouti Container Port Throughput, CEIC. Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/djibouti/container-port-throughput (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Economic Development in Africa. Report 2019. Made in Africa: Rules of origin for enhanced intra-African trade, UNCTAD. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2019, pp. 51–159. Available at: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/aldcafrica2019_en.pdf (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Economic Development in Africa. Report 2019. Made in Africa: Rules of origin for enhanced intra-African trade, UNCTAD. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2019, pp. 51–159. Available at: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/aldcafrica2019_en.pdf (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Encyclopedia of the developing world, ed. by T. M. Leonard, Routledge, 2013, 504 p. https//doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2030.3207</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Encyclopedia of the developing world, ed. by T. M. Leonard, Routledge, 2013, 504 p. https//doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.2030.3207</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gwilliam K., Bofinger H., Bullock R. [et al.] Africa’s transport infrastructure: Mainstreaming maintenance and management, Washington, D.C., World Bank Publications, 2011, pp. 85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gwilliam K., Bofinger H., Bullock R. [et al.] Africa’s transport infrastructure: Mainstreaming maintenance and management, Washington, D.C., World Bank Publications, 2011, pp. 85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hance W. A., Kotschar V., Peterec R. J. Source areas of export production in tropical Africa, Geographical Review, 1961, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 487–499. https//doi.org/10.2307/213104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hance W. A., Kotschar V., Peterec R. J. Source areas of export production in tropical Africa, Geographical Review, 1961, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 487–499. https//doi.org/10.2307/213104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoyle B. S. The seaports of East Africa: a geographical study, Nairobi, East African Publishing House, 1967, pp. 65–111.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoyle B. S. The seaports of East Africa: a geographical study, Nairobi, East African Publishing House, 1967, pp. 65–111.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Humphreys M., StockenbergaA., Herrera Dape M., LimiA., Hartmann O. Port development and competition in East and Southern Africa: Prospects and challenges, Washington, D.C., World Bank Publications, 2019, pp. 17–39. https//doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1410-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Humphreys M., StockenbergaA., Herrera Dape M., LimiA., Hartmann O. Port development and competition in East and Southern Africa: Prospects and challenges, Washington, D.C., World Bank Publications, 2019, pp. 17–39. https//doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1410-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">International trade in goods – Exports 2001–2019. International trade in goods statistics by country Exports 2001–2020, International Trade Centre. Available at: https://www.intracen.org/itc/market-info-tools/statistics-export-country-product/ (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">International trade in goods – Exports 2001–2019. International trade in goods statistics by country Exports 2001–2020, International Trade Centre. Available at: https://www.intracen.org/itc/market-info-tools/statistics-export-country-product/ (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kenya Sea Transport: Mombasa Port: Containers, CEIC. Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/kenya/sea-transport-portand-shipping/sea-transport-mombasa-port-containers (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kenya Sea Transport: Mombasa Port: Containers, CEIC. Available at: https://www.ceicdata.com/en/kenya/sea-transport-portand-shipping/sea-transport-mombasa-port-containers (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kreimer A., Munasinghe M. Managing natural disasters and the environment, Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 1991, pp. 83–84.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kreimer A., Munasinghe M. Managing natural disasters and the environment, Washington, D.C., The World Bank, 1991, pp. 83–84.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maury F., De Feligonde A., Leonard T., Raffi K., Khalfi, M., Navarro-Roch M., Vermeren H. Africa’s ports: fast-tracking transformation, Africa CEO Forum, OKAN, 2020, 59 p. Available at: https://okanpartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/StudyOkan-AFC_Ports-in-Africa.pdf (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maury F., De Feligonde A., Leonard T., Raffi K., Khalfi, M., Navarro-Roch M., Vermeren H. Africa’s ports: fast-tracking transformation, Africa CEO Forum, OKAN, 2020, 59 p. Available at: https://okanpartners.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/StudyOkan-AFC_Ports-in-Africa.pdf (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nixson F. I. Spatial aspects development in East Africa, Kampala, Makerere Institute of Social Research, 1966, 15 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nixson F. I. Spatial aspects development in East Africa, Kampala, Makerere Institute of Social Research, 1966, 15 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Parker J. B. Africa’s tobacco industry, Foreign Agricultural Report, Washington, D.C., US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1963, no. 123, 118 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parker J. B. Africa’s tobacco industry, Foreign Agricultural Report, Washington, D.C., US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1963, no. 123, 118 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pollock N. C. Industrial development in East Africa, Economic Geography, 1960, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 344–354. https//doi.org/10.2307/142552</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pollock N. C. Industrial development in East Africa, Economic Geography, 1960, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 344–354. https//doi.org/10.2307/142552</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Port de Djibouti. Statistics. Available at: https://www.portdedjibouti.com/statistics/ (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Port de Djibouti. Statistics. Available at: https://www.portdedjibouti.com/statistics/ (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Resource Trade. Earth. Available at: https://resourcetrade.earth (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Resource Trade. Earth. Available at: https://resourcetrade.earth (accessed 24.12.2021).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Skinner S. W. The Agricultural economy of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi, Washington, D.C., Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1960, no. 88, 52 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skinner S. W. The Agricultural economy of the Belgian Congo and Ruanda-Urundi, Washington, D.C., Foreign Agricultural Service, US Department of Agriculture, 1960, no. 88, 52 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Southard A. E. Eritrea: A Red Sea Italian colony of increasing interest to American commerce, Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1920, no. 82, pp. 53–55.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Southard A. E. Eritrea: A Red Sea Italian colony of increasing interest to American commerce, Washington, US Government Printing Office, 1920, no. 82, pp. 53–55.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tegeler H. H. The agricultural resources of Somalia, Washington, D.C., US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1956, no. 4, pp. 14–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tegeler H. H. The agricultural resources of Somalia, Washington, D.C., US Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service, 1956, no. 4, pp. 14–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
