The role of mental characteristics in modern practice of reforming Chinese society has been analyzed. The idea of integrating the main management paradigms of Confucianism with the provisions of Marxism has been approved, which is the ideological justification for the program of building socialism with Chinese characteristics. The ideology of a “comprehensively developed and active personality” in combination with the traditional principle of “an ideal person is the foundation of society’s prosperity” (yizhenweiben) is an important state task at the national level. The requirements for management corps are based on such leading philosophical schools of Ancient China as Taoism, Moism, Legalism, the correcting names school, and the Yin-Yang school. The preservation of national identity and the use of Western-style management practices, high-quality education provision for a corps of highly qualified specialists, and production activities management have been considered as the main components of management practice, the objectives of which are to modernize and maintain the country’s leading position in the post-industrial era. It has been noted that the modern leaders of China and the initiators of reforms propose many directions in the sphere of economy, science, digital technologies, and artificial intelligence, and specific measures implementation at each new stage of development considers the preservation of mental traditions and the state apparatus structures improvement.