The subject of this article is a set of regulatory legal acts regulating the processes of creating and implementing a single window mechanism in foreign economic activity. The purpose of the article is to consider the above-mentioned totality, grouping existing documents by levels of their creation and operation into international, supranational and national ones. The article is written using such methods as theoretical analysis, systematization, classification, generalization and comparative analysis. As a result, an analysis of regulatory legal acts of various levels was carried out in terms of regulating the processes of implementing and using the single Window mechanism, as well as information on the availability of regulatory legal, technological, organizational and methodological support for these processes. These results will help to identify the processes of implementation and operation of the mechanism, which are currently unregulated or regulation of which needs some changes in order to improve the efficiency of these processes. The results obtained make it possible to identify the most general further directions for the development of the “single window” mechanism in foreign economic activity, the effectiveness of which depends on the adequacy of the regulatory framework, its consistency and relevance. This article will help to structure and summarize the currently available regulations that ensure the implementation and use of the “single window” mechanism.

The purpose of the article is to systematize the components of the mechanism of functioning of a municipal entity, which should be taken into account to improve its efficiency when forming or updating it. In the absence of a systematic approach to the identification of the main components of the mechanism of functioning of a municipal entity, it becomes relevant to develop proposals for determining the basic principles, purpose and objectives of the process. The subjects and object of managerial impact are singled out, and the main processes that occur within the mechanism with the comprehension of the direction of impact on them are characterized. On the example of Adyge-Khabl municipal formation in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic, the key problems of the municipality’s functioning are analyzed: high volatility of the revenue part of the budget with a persistent deficit, a decrease in the residual value of fixed assets of municipal organizations, a significant gap in wages between the municipal and other sectors. An algorithm for the formation of an effective functioning mechanism is proposed, including the identification of existing processes, their critical assessment and the development of a modernization plan. The research is aimed at applying metrics and indicators in real municipalities. The formation of an effective functioning mechanism of a municipality allows taking into account not only financial aspects, but also the social context.

This article is aimed at studying and comparing two competency models: the theoretical model of a manager formed by universities of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as RF) when training bachelors in the direction of 38.03.02 “Management”, and the practice-oriented model of a modern manager, which was formed under the influence of factors of the dynamic external environment. The first one is based on regulatory legal acts of the RF. The second one formed in the market characterises the requests of most employers for the competencies of a candidate for the manager position. Comparison of these competency models has been carried out through the analysis of the federal state educational standard of higher education for the training of bachelors in the direction of 38.03.02 and the analysis of competencies in vacancies of managers presented on the job search portal. The results demonstrate the coincidence of these two models for a greater number of competencies, which is evidence of the correct approach to training bachelors-managers in universities. The most sought-after of them in the labour market today are sales management, the ability to use a personal computer, the Internet, the manager’s literate oral speech, the ability to conduct business communication, to consult clients, work with personnel. The data provided demonstrate the need for universities to conduct a thorough assessment and form an independent list of additional professional competencies for each educational programme.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of choosing the trajectories of innovative development of regions in the context of geopolitical instability. The purpose of the work is to analyse the competitive positions of the regions in the field of scientific and innovative development using the adapted Boston Consulting Group Matrix on the example of the subjects of the Volga Federal District. The research methodology involves classifying the subjects according to the criteria of market share and growth rates, which has made it possible to identify their competitive advantages and growth points as well as to find areas for effective management of their development, taking into account regional characteristics. The study has found that the main barriers to innovation growth include staff drain, insufficient funding, infrastructure deterioration, and weak commercialisation of developments. Leaders are characterised by a diversified economy and a high share of innovative production, but their sustainability depends on government support and adaptation to external challenges. The prospects of the study are related to expanding the analysis to other regions of the Russian Federation, assessing the impact of digitalisation, and developing measures to stimulate innovation, taking into account the existing territorial features. The results of the work can be used in the formation of regional strategies aimed at increasing the competitiveness and sustainability of territories.

The introduction of digital platform solutions in the field of personnel management (workforce management) in the retail segment has become especially relevant in a dynamically changing market. The article examines how modern technologies are able to optimise the processes of planning, accounting for working hours, and analysing employee productivity, which in turn helps to increase efficiency and reduce costs. The purposes of the study are to analyse existing digital solutions in human resource management as well as to identify their impact on operational excellence in retail. The key objectives of the article include the study of methods for integrating platform solutions into existing business processes, evaluating their cost-effectiveness, and analysing the barriers companies face when transitioning to digital technologies. In addition, the article provides practical recommendations for choosing the right tools, depending on the unique needs of retailers. The arguments that substantiate the need to optimise and automate the business process of forming work schedules for employees in the retail segment are presented. Discussion of the transition to digital technologies in workforce management will serve as a useful guide for companies seeking to improve their business processes and adapt to new market realities.

The emergence of the platform economy and the development of digital infrastructure in the XXI century has led to significant changes in higher education. Professional knowledge can now be acquired not only through classical universities but also through alternative channels, such as online courses and other educational platforms. This article explores the experience of Russian universities in adapting to these new realities and analyzes their efforts to develop educational ecosystems. It also examines three promising directions for this development: continuing education, university-business cooperation, and the creation of marketplaces for education. The paper uses methods of informal document analysis, as well as analysis of website traffic and their link profiles. The analysis shows that partnership-building and business integration into the educational system are crucial for the success of modern universities. Partnership with market-leading companies has a positive effect on the image of Russian universities. The analysis also showed that well-known technology companies can offer the most promising models of open educational marketplaces capable of effectively representing the services of all universities. Also, we have identified potential prospects and challenges for universities in the evolving educational environment.

In modern conditions of economic transformation and changing trends in the spatial development of the country, with an emphasis on supporting, first of all, large urban agglomerations, the economic and social problems of rural areas of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as RF, Russia) have become acute, among which the most difficult situations are monospecialized, depressed and subsidized areas, including the Republic of Bashkortostan (hereinafter referred to as RB). The purpose of this study is to analyze, using the example of the RB, the role and prospects of personal subsidiary farms, gardening and horticulture in the rural economy of modern Russia. The information and methodological base of the study was made up of official data from the Federal State Statistics Service for the RF and the RB, scientific works by leading scientists on sustainable socio-economic development of rural areas. In conditions of bankruptcy of agricultural enterprises and rising unemployment of private farms and farms, gardening and horticulture are becoming not only a place of active recreation for villagers, but also a way of “survival” and increasing income levels. The importance of small businesses in raising incomes and providing food for Russians has increased even more in the context of the crisis in the country, Western sanctions and a decline in the general standard of living of the population. Using the example of the RB, the authors recommend the development of separate regional targeted programs in the RF for the development of private farms, farms, horticulture and horticulture for the period up to 2035.

This article describes the development of the Russian Federation’s (hereinafter referred to as RF, Russia) agro-industrial complex during the implementation of import substitution policies. These policies are essential to ensuring the country’s food security. The state support provided to Russia’s agro-industrial complex is aimed at enhancing its investment attractiveness through subsidies and preferential lending, developing rural areas, and modernising the production capacities of food goods. The aim of this study is to analyse the outcomes of import substitution policies in Russia’s agro-industrial complex. Key indicators of the country’s food security have been identified. The extent to which sanctions against Russia have impacted the policies and implementation of state programmes in the area of import substitution for the agro-industrial complex has been examined. The volume of imported value-added in the gross volume of imports as well as foreign value-added in the gross exports of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in Russia has been analysed. The prospects for maintaining the current import substitution policies in the agro-industrial complex have also been determined. In the RF, there is a stable trend of growth in agricultural production and export volumes combined with a reduction in the influence of foreign goods and raw materials with high added value. These results have been achieved through state and private investments in the production capacities of the Russian agro-industrial complex, partial mitigation of sectoral technological sanctions, introduction of trade barriers, and creation of large regional production and distribution agroholdings.

The present article aims to study different approaches to the classification of rural tourism. The method of classification is the most important means of research of socio-economic systems, allowing to build analytical models that reflect the essence of really existing forms of rural tourism organizations. And at the same time, at present there is no clear universally recognized classification of tourism. Based on the analysis of scientific works, various approaches to the classification of rural tourism have been identified, including on the basis of accommodation facilities or vehicles used. Also, in scientific literature there are classifications by objects of tourism, by seasonality, by means of transportation, by age and social status of tourists, by income level of tourists. The result of the study is the classification of rural tourism based on the factors of tourism and recreational potential of rural areas. The factors determining the subtypes of rural tourism are agricultural factors, artifactual basis, recreational space and spiritual heritage. To the factors that create conditions for the development of rural tourism, the authors include such as transportation infrastructure, telecommunication infrastructure, hotel infrastructure. The factors that create the conditions of development for rural tourism determine its form. On the basis of the proposed classification system the enterprises of rural tourism in Nizhny Novgorod region are analyzed and the conclusion is made about the directions of further development of rural tourism in Nizhny Novgorod region.

Air transportation, especially passenger transportation, in remote regions of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as RF, Russia) is necessary to maintain regional connectivity and development. Due to the low economic efficiency of such transportation, the state provides targeted subsidies to airlines operating them. The subject of the study is the impact of airline subsidies on the development of the aviation industry. The purpose of the work is to identify the effectiveness of subsidizing airlines of the RF. Regulatory framework and legal bases of subsidies as well as federal aviation regulations in term of subsidizing airlines are explored. The materials are: open airline reporting, Federal State Statistics Service, open federal budget data. The following research was made by method of systematic analysis of airline operations results for the selected period, in particular, the dynamic or passenger traffic on domestic airlines and dynamics of financial support. The dynamics of usage state support by airlines was shown in the article. The patterns of distribution of the state budget between airlines according to subsidy programs are revealed. The amount of the subsidy was calculated using the example of the airline public joint stock company Siberia. Conclusions on the effectiveness of subsidizing civil aviation in the RF are formulated. The conclusions are formed based on the calculation of the total amount of subsidies, according to the legislative acts in the industry. The necessity of making adjustments to the subsidy technology for further support of the domestic air transportation market of Russia has been determined.

One of the most important areas for improving the structure and increasing the sustainability of the Russian economy is the support of small and medium-sized businesses, in which the potential of family entrepreneurship remains significantly underestimated. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe the qualification and classification features of the correct definition of a family business in the economic and legal sphere in order to improve the efficiency of the development and implementation of government measures of targeted support for family entrepreneurship in Russia. Within the framework of a systematic approach to the study of the state and prospects of the organization of a family enterprise in the Russian economy, both general scientific methods of generalization and systematization, as well as special methods of logical and comparative analysis, classification and visualization of qualitative information were used. The role of family entrepreneurship in strengthening Russia’s economic sovereignty is outlined. A conceptual approach to substantiating the composition of qualification and classification criteria for building a family business is proposed. A possible visualization scheme for the typology of family enterprises is presented. Improving approaches to classifying family business entities will ensure the development of well-founded and differentiated measures of targeted state support for family businesses, assessed based on the totality of characteristics of their structure, profile, and location.

In the current socio-economic environment, the activities of small and medium-sized enterprises (hereinafter referred to as SMEs) play a crucial role in ensuring the sustainable development of regional economic systems. Due to their flexibility, innovation capacity, and ability to respond quickly to market changes, SMEs represent a key component in the diversification of regional economies. Of particular importance are innovative SMEs, which not only adapt to existing conditions but also act as drivers of technological and economic transformation. This study is focused on assessing their contribution to the development of regional economic systems and identifying ways to enhance the investment attractiveness of subjects through the stimulation of innovative entrepreneurial activity. The research includes an analysis of theoretical frameworks for evaluating the role of SMEs and explores how innovations are integrated into regional development strategies. The main conclusion of the study is that the active integration of SMEs into innovation processes is a critical factor for the growth of regional economies. Their operations enhance regional competitiveness, promote job creation, stimulate technological renewal, and create a foundation for long-term sustainable economic development.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state and future prospects of the automotive components industry in the Russian Federation, which is considered a strategically important segment of the national automotive sector. In light of the disruption of global production and supply chains and the impact of international sanctions, special attention is given to the consequences of the withdrawal of foreign automakers from the Russian market and the resulting restrictions on the import of automotive components. The author explores the structural, technological, and institutional characteristics of the Russian auto parts market, identifying four levels of production complexity – from basic components to high-tech intelligent systems. The study examines the extent of the industry’s dependence on imports, highlighting the dominant role of Chinese suppliers in meeting current production needs. It also assesses the implications of this dependency for value creation and technological sovereignty. Emphasis is placed on the urgent need to develop localized production, strengthen research and development capacities, and implement innovative solutions, including digitalization and closer cooperation with the scientific and educational sectors. The article concludes with a set of strategic policy directions and institutional support mechanisms aimed at import substitution, the development of a resilient manufacturing base, and the establishment of technological sovereignty in the automotive components sector.

The relevance of this article is to assess the significant changes in the structure and directions of the Russian Federation’s (hereinafter referred to as RF, Russia) foreign trade activities over the past year and a half in connection with the special military operation and the introduction of many different packages of sanctions against our country. The purpose of this article is to analyse the current state of Russia’s foreign trade activity under sanctions and to identify the main directions of its cooperation with foreign countries. Objectives of the study: to establish the reasons for the increase in the level of exports in 2022, despite the imposed sanctions, and to consider the reasons for its subsequent decline; to consider the concept of “parallel imports” (importation of foreign goods into the country without the consent of the right holder of the trademark through special dealers), three types of permits for the organisation of parallel imports; to consider the structure of the RF’s foreign trade, its reorientation to other markets, namely cooperation with Asian, African, Middle Eastern countries and countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. In the long term, it can be expected that sanctions pressure will continue, but Russia will provide support to domestic producers and continue co-operation with friendly countries, which will help to improve its foreign trade performance.

The article provides a detailed analysis of the concept of expantegration mechanisms as a comprehensive tool aimed at ensuring balanced and sustainable development of the national economy in the context of global competition and technological transformation. The effectiveness of this system is substantiated in enhancing the competitiveness of domestic products and services in both domestic and international markets. Special attention is given to the priority development of high-tech industries and the active implementation of a science and technology development strategy, viewed as the foundation for modernizing the production sector and shaping an innovation-oriented economic model. The analysis highlights the crucial role of the state as a catalyst for structural economic transformation, the strengthening of integration processes, and the institutional and financial support of the national innovation system. Promising directions for technological renewal are examined, including the development of creative industries, large-scale digitalization, deepening of service sector transformation (servitization), and the industrialization of services, all of which collectively contribute to the transition towards a knowledge-based economy. The authors present various scenarios for the Russian Federation’s innovation-driven development, taking into account internal and external factors as well as technological and institutional challenges. The most preferable scenario is identified as the one emphasizing the stimulation of research and development activities, support for startups and innovation clusters, and the strengthening of collaboration between the scientific community, business, and the state. The article concludes that a comprehensive and systemic approach is essential for the development of hightech industries and the establishment of a sustainable model of economic growth based on intersectoral cooperation, technology transfer, and effective innovation management.

A theoretical analysis of the concept of investment attractiveness as a tool for regional socio-economic genesis of subjects is carried out. The purpose of this study is to form a methodological toolkit that allows identifying the level of meso-territorial development based on key factor characteristics with the definition of the relationship of investment attractiveness with the scientific component of organisations in various sectors of the national economy. The author’s vision of the essence of the concept of investment attractiveness of a region is proposed, which is not only based on the use of resources and potential of territories, but also takes into account the relationship with factor characteristics. The author has calculated the integral index of diagnostics of the investment environment in the spatial aspect with the distribution of regions into groups, considering the economic component. A polygon of economic forces for the investment attractiveness of regions is built on the materials of the Volga Federal District, allowing a visual study of the entities under consideration by the corresponding level of economic development, taking into account the threshold values defined by the author. An economic and mathematical model had been developed that helps forecasting the volume of attracted investments in the medium and long term, which allows not only to take into account the resource component of meso-territories, but also to determine the relationship between factor characteristics and the resulting variable.

The objective of the study is to develop proposals for improving the regulation of the national payment system (hereinafter referred to as NPS) of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as RF) in order to ensure its development in modern conditions based on the adaptation of advanced foreign practices in the payment sphere. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were set: study of advanced foreign practices in regulating NPS in the context of digitalization; determination of the perimeters of payment markets taking into account the regulation of new types of payment service providers and increasing the level of competition; determination of infrastructure features in foreign practice in the context of ensuring the development of NPS; development of a map of regulatory trends in the functioning of the NPS of the RF. The theoretical basis of the study is the scientific works of scientists on the problems of development of regulatory frameworks for NPS. The sources of information were information and analytical materials, as well as empirical data from open sources. The research methodology was based on the use of systemic, evolutionary and institutional approaches, as well as the method of stepwise assessment based on the analysis of directions, models and approaches to the development of regulation in the NPS. The significance of the conducted research work consists in improving the regulatory aspects of the functioning of NPS in the context of digitalization. The main results of the work are systematization of advanced foreign practices for regulating NPS; development of proposals for the development of regulation in the context of expanding the perimeter of the payment market; development of directions for improving the development of regulation of the payment market in the context of increasing competition in the payment services market.

The article analyzes modern science art projects, which represent a new and actively developing area, relevant in the context of the transformation of the urban environment and increasing attention to the pressing problems of modern megacities. The purpose of the study is to consider the heuristic potential of science art in the context of the transformation of the modern urban environment, as well as to identify the key mechanisms of the influence of this practice on the socio-cultural and environmental processes taking place in modern megacities. The empirical analysis of successful projects in various cities has made it possible to identify key aspects that are of the greatest importance for the sustainable development of urban spaces today. This study analyzes in detail the heuristic potential of science art in the context of urban research, paying attention to both its theoretical aspects and practical application in urban studies. The possibilities of the influence of this trend on the social dynamics, cultural practices and quality of life of modern megacities are considered. The analysis showed that science art has the ability to form new forms of interaction between people and the urban environment, as well as stimulate the processes of cultural and ecological rethinking. As a result, two key areas of science art development have been identified in terms of its integration into the urban environment, which open up prospects for further research and practical implementation. In addition, the analysis showed that science art projects play a significant role in understanding and overcoming the current challenges faced by residents of modern megacities. The analysis demonstrated that science art has significant heuristic potential, influencing the development of the urban environment.

The theoretical foundations of the analysis of informal employment that have developed in modern sociological science have been considered, the modern society phenomenon characteristic patterns have been highlighted, and various interpretations of the informal employment concept have been given. The specifics of informal labor relations in urban and rural areas has been described, and possible factors and causes of developing and spreading unformal employment in rural areas have been identified. The empirical study results have been presented, which made it possible to identify the features of informal employment of both rural residents and individual social groups of villagers (according to such parameters as the idea of informal employment, the attitude towards the spread of informal employment, emotional assessment of informal employment, willingness to participate in informal labor relations, experience of participation in informal labor relations, alleged motives, and advantages and disadvantages of informal employment), as well as factors, which influence the formation of rural residents’ attitude towards informal employment. The study results can be used to further study the regional features of informal labor relations in urban and rural areas and their dynamics, as well as to optimize the process of informal labor relations among rural residents.

The article is devoted to the methodology of the concept of social impact bonds, an analysis of approaches to the definition of this concept was made and its differences from the concepts of impact project, impact investment are justified if there is a basic similarity – solving social problems with a payment mechanism on the principle of payment for success. On the example of the project of social impact in the field of education “Personnel for the timber industry complex of the Kostroma region” the features and advantages of these projects are considered. The article reveals the main mechanisms for the implementation of the project: cooperation between the authorities (government), business and civil institutions, conducting sociological research at the beginning and at the end of the project, developing methodological materials, regulatory documents and new pedagogical practices during the implementation of the social impact project in the Kostroma region. Based on a systematic analysis of the experience gained, the main advantages for each of the parties of this project were identified: increasing the efficiency of budget expenditures due to their implementation only after confirming the achievement of the target social effect, stimulating the inflow of private investment into the regions, implementing public tasks by socially responsible business in cooperation with the state, approbation and implementation and the possibility of scaling up successful practices and obtaining new competencies to solve social problems. The achievement of social effects and project targets, confirmed by an independent assessment of the project, allows us to talk about the possibilities of using proven models of social partnership in other sectors of the economy and social sphere in different regions of the Russian Federation.

The article is devoted to the study of the influence of virtual reality on social practices. The purpose of the study is to highlight the specifics of the transformation of social practices under the influence of virtual reality. The research methodology is based on the idea of hypertext as a phenomenon not only of the information environment, but also of the social one. The research materials includes practices presented in news feeds and analysis of expert opinions in relevant fields. An analysis is carried out in four sociospheres: family, work, leisure, shopping, and services. It is shown that under the influence of virtual practices, a new structuring of social space takes place according to the principle of hypertext. Modern man transfers the practices of the internet space (scrolling) into the real world, gets used to leaving the “boring” page of reality, just like in virtuality, switching to other practices. A request for hypertext gives rise to multifunctionality of practices and the emergence of hybrid phenomena at the intersection of different social institutions (phygital sport, virtual family, rest at work, cafe in the library, etc.). Under the influence of virtual practices, a demand arises for a new type of personality that meets the requirements of multifunctionality: competition with a variety of virtual actors obliges a person to be able to play out as large a repertoire of roles as possible, adequately switching them depending on the interaction situation.

The article examines the Arctic self-identification of students studying at Russian universities in the Arctic. The research methodology follows the indigenous methodology paradigm, which unveils the core values of Arctic peoples, defining the geocultural essence of circumpolar Arctic civilization. The empirical basis of the research is a comparative analysis of data from the questionnaire survey of the study “The Arctic in the values of university students”. Students of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) (M.K. Ammosov North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk), Arkhangelsk region (M.V. Lomonosov Northern (Arctic) Federal University, Arkhangelsk) and Murmansk region (Murmansk Arctic University) participated in the questionnaire survey “Living the Arctic” conducted for the first time in 2017–2019 and again in 2024. The results of the study revealed that the Arctic is primarily perceived as a geographical concept and is identified with the North. Furthermore, an increasing number of young people, particularly students at Murmansk Arctic State University, identify as Arctic residents and view life in the Arctic positively. However, the prevailing answer among the students of Northern (Arctic) Federal University was that the consider themselves northerners, not residents of the Arctic. Students from Yakutsk and Arkhangelsk expressed concerns about the high cost of living and challenging climatic conditions in their responses. It is evident that the higher the quality of life in the region, the stronger the Arctic self-identification among the youth. The research perspectives include studying students’ attitudes toward the Arctic, migration, life plans, and strategies of senior students using qualitative research methods, among others.

The problem of life goals and values of modern students is considered. The data on the essence and connection of psychological phenomena are systematised. Values are revealed through the conceptual provisions of the theory of M. Seligman and Ch. Peterson as personal constructs that are axiologically significant and reflect the foundations for achieving goals, overcoming difficulties, building а constructive dialogue, cooperating with others, etc. The research context of life goals (aspirations) is made up of external and internal aspects of self-determination of personality (T. Kasser, R. Ryan). External goals are determined by the conditional attributes of happiness, success, and well-being cultivated in society, internal ones – by the desire for self-actualisation and self-realisation. The results of an empirical study of the life goals and values of undergraduates from the field of training 44.03.05 “Pedagogical education” are presented. The connection of students’ inner aspirations for self-expression, self-development, and self-actualisation with wisdom, courage, moderation, spirituality has been empirically established. Within the framework of the implemented empirical model, the listed personal qualities ensure authentic goal setting, realisation of potential and unique abilities, value attitude towards acquiring new knowledge, cognitive motivation, and activity. The study has revealed the relationship between the inner desire for social inclusion (community) and justice. Their combination provides dialogue, cooperation, prosocial behavioural patterns, ability to build constructive interpersonal relationships in personal, professional and business spheres, and be responsible in situations of interaction.

The substantiation of a model of socio-psychological adaptation of foreign students with an emphasis on affiliation motivation has been presented. The main characteristics, various forms, key criteria, and specific difficulties that foreign students face when immersing themselves in a multinational academic environment have been considered. The peculiarities of changes in the dynamics of the motivational and need sphere of foreign students in Russian higher educational institutions, with special attention to affiliation motivation and its importance for the individual socio-psychological adaptation process, have been analyzed. The model of socio-psychological adaptation has been proposed based on the assumption of the dual nature of affiliation motivation, including the desire for acceptance and fear of rejection. Foreign students may lack motivation for affiliation, while their socio-psychological adaptation to study in another country may be successful. The criteria for successful socio-psychological adaptation of foreign students in this model are high adaptability, acceptance of oneself and others, moderate internality, emotional comfort, moderate escapism, high level of interactivity and intercultural competence, low level of depression, nostalgia, alienation, social frustration, and subjective experience of loneliness. The practical significance of the proposed model lies in the fact that when developing adaptation programs for foreign students, a differentiated approach is needed, considering the presence and severity of the need for affiliation and fear of rejection.

The article indicates that women are more likely to become clients of psychotherapists, and depression occurs among them twice as often as among men. The researchers associate the reasons for differences with the peculiarities of the emotional sphere of women, and their emotionality – with biological factors. Based on the theoretical analysis, proceeding from the significance of irrational beliefs of the individual for experiencing emotions and in the development of depression as well as from the role of the family and current social conditions in the formation of the attitudes themselves, hypotheses are formulated regarding the number, spheres of action, and content of the attitudes of men and women. To identify irrational obligations, the method of unfinished sentences is used. The sample consists of two groups of respondents (from generations Y and Z). The sample size is 323 people. Semantic analysis is used to process the data. The hypotheses of the study are confirmed. Irrational obligations in the survey participants of generations Y and Z differ in the representation of types of the obligations. In terms of attitudes, respondents of generation Z are more progressive, while those of generation Y are more conservative. The differences in the progressiveness of the attitudes between them are more pronounced in men. Women of both generations have a greater number of obligations (concerning their behaviour), and they are associated with a greater number of spheres of life. In conclusion, it is suggested that the basis for women’s psychological well-being (in general) may be a softening of attitudes and a narrowing of the spheres of obligations, laid down in the process of upbringing and socialisation, as well as a convergence of the attitudes of men and women.

Issues of self-regulation are acutely relevant, and today the role of emotional sensitivity and a person’s ability to experience in managing emotions and feelings, including in connection with models of emotional intelligence (hereinafter referred to as EI), has not been sufficiently studied. The article clarifies the content of the concept of emotional sensitivity (hereinafter referred to as ES) as a structural element of EI in terms of its comparison with the concept of experiencing: ES as the ability to feel and feel emotions and feelings is present both in the process of preverbal experience (according to Yu. Jendlin) at the beginning of the emotional process, and in the process of a holistic experience of personality (according to F.E. Vasilyuk) with further deep living of feelings and emotions. It shows the presence of ES in opposite processes – deep living of feelings and emotions, distancing from feelings and emotions as well as in the transition from one process to another. The experimental data accumulated in science on these processes are considered, their features and the relationship between them in theoretical and practical aspects are revealed. The expanded concept of EI can become the basis for the integration of various areas of psychotherapy and counseling and for the organization of more holistic – in terms of rational and emotional – practical psychological work. In addition to the well-known global drama of EI on the awareness of emotions and feelings, a new facet of it has been formulated, generically revealing the objective difficulties of experiencing emotions and feelings. The prospect of the study is further empirical verification of the extended EI structure.