Digitalization as a concept of economic activity based on digital technologies is gaining more and more popularity and is being introduced into various spheres of life. In the global aspect, digitalization covers the economies of countries of almost the whole world, which determines the triggers for the formation of their development strategies in the long term. Living in the age of digitalization, one cannot but say about it as a new phenomenon that is becoming new for the development of the state, business structures and society as a whole. The purpose of the study was to study the theoretical foundations of the digital economy and develop recommendations for the introduction of a new digital product in the activities of the organization. To achieve this goal, the method of formalization, observation and economic experiment was applied. The main results of the study were the obtained new knowledge about the digital economy, as a result of the analysis of various approaches to the definition of the digital economy from the standpoint of the sectoral approach. The place and role of Russia in the development of global digitalization processes has been determined. The opinions of scientists and business representatives regarding the opportunities and risks of digitalization for business structures, financial institutions, and the social sphere are presented. The theoretical consideration of the essence of the digital economy has received a significant practical focus. This concerns the promotion of digital products of large companies in the regions. On the example of the Penza oil and gas organization, a project for the introduction of a new digital product was considered, a hierarchical structure of work was described, and a rationale for the economic feasibility of the project was given. The further direction of the research will lie in the plane of applying flexible methodologies in the design of new projects in the field of digitalization, which are currently gaining great popularity.

The article examines the forms of participation of the business community in the modernization of the regulatory framework in Russia from the perspective of formal procedures provided by the Russian system of public administration. The objects of the study are the institution of regulatory impact assessment (RIA) and the mechanism of “regulatory guillotine”. The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the RIA procedure and the mechanism of “regulatory guillotine”. The methodology of the study is based on the methods of comparative and structural-functional analysis of normative legal acts containing the procedures. The article provides a analysis of procedures, presents the legal basis and their functional roles in the system of state decision-making, identifies the objects of influence and stages of procedures, identifies access points and the degree of representation of the business community. The implementation of the procedures contributes to the transparency of the public administration system of Russia, ensuring the development of institutions for the participation of industry experts on the part of the business community in decision-making on issues of regulatory framework. At the same time, the mechanism of the “regulatory guillotine” has a higher degree of influence on the process of approval of draft normative legal acts, but at the same time it is less representative than the regulatory impact assessment procedure.

The process of societal development is accompanied by profound social changes, which in turn cause new problems of social organisation. Among other things, organisational and management issues become very relevant. The above changes have a direct impact on the process of regional governance. The purpose of the study was to analyze regional development and determine the resource management system that is necessary for organizing effective management of the territory. The objectives of the study were to considerate issues of resource capacity management, identify and define the region’s basic resources. In the course of the study, methods of a general scientific and special nature were used: analysis, synthesis, abstraction, induction and deduction. Based on the results of the study, a resource capacity management structure is presented, and a development vector for the region is proposed and justified. Particular attention is paid to the importance and necessity of resource capacity development for the progressive development of the territory.

The article attempts to show the apogee of Russian serfdom as one of the most significant direct and immediate results of Peter the Great’s transformations. The proprietary (proprietorial) interest of the landed gentry in relation to the local lands and peasants received a previously unthinkable impulse due to Peter’s elevation of the status of estates to patrimonial, as well as the erasure of the legal boundary between serfs and peasants by turning both into “audit souls” during the tax reform. Already in the last years of Peter the Great’s reign, the authorities were inclined to identify the right of landlords to peasants with the right to immovable property in the context of the evolution of serfdom in Russia. The article discusses in detail the practice of distribution by emperors and empresses of lands with peasants into ownership as a reward for special merits. The author analyzed the post-Petrine legislation that expanded the class privileges of the nobility and strengthened their ownership rights in relation to landlords and peasants. Particular attention is paid to the practice of selling landlord peasants without land and with the separation of families. The historical significance of Peter’s and post-Peter’s policies of a sharp strengthening of the ownership (proprietary) rights of nobles to land and peasants in their estates lies primarily in the accumulation of a powerful conflict potential in Russian society for the long term. The “time bomb” laid by Peter I and his immediate successors in the inter-verbal relations of the local nobility and the peasantry dependent on it will explode at the beginning of the twentieth century, and it will give rise to a great peasant revolution in Russia.

Digitalization is a popular and rather complex direction of modern company development. The article is devoted to justifying the relevance of managerial goal-setting and the need to form digital competencies of employees, as well as their features and provision in the management system of company development based on information and communication technologies. The study uses methods of analysis and synthesis of scientific literature and empirical data. The article summarizes the data of scientific and practical research to identify the main advantages of the company digitalization and the problems of its implementation. The author presents the popular goals of enterprise digital transformation. Using the modern information analysis of competent organizations, the author has constructed the model to justify the goals of the company digital development. The article provides suggestions for the development of digital competencies of company personnel.

Currently, the external conditions for the functioning of industrial enterprises are formed in such a way that the achievement of their goals is seen impossible without the implementation of innovative activities. Due to the high cost of innovations, as well as the need to conduct these processes on an ongoing basis, industrial enterprises lack their own funds to finance innovation activities. The state is interested in the innovative development of industrial enterprises. This is one of the reasons why it participates in the formation of their funding sources. The article substantiates the need for state support, as well as analyzes the options for its provision by type of financing sources. For each type of sources, options for providing large-scale support, implying a large coverage area, as well as point-directed support, are also highlighted.

The relevance of the study is due to the poor knowledge of the problems of the formation of innovation networks in a closed-cycle economy. Against this background, the purpose of the study is determined – to develop provisions that develop the methodology of managing innovation networks in the context of a closed-loop economy and allow identifying patterns of formation of innovation networks. In this regard, attempts have been made to assess the patterns of development of network interactions within the framework of innovation activities of territories. Using the example of European countries, the interrelation of indicators of cooperation in the field of innovation and indicators of a cyclical economy is evaluated, as a result of which countries of advanced, transitional and catching-up types of development are identified. Based on the proposed author’s methodology, a matrix of positioning territories according to the degree of interconnection of innovation networks and closed-cycle economic indicators is constructed, 4 development trajectories are identified. The methodology for assessing the aggregate index differs by taking into account the reference proportions of cooperation, allows for a differentiated approach to the support of territories, is universal and can be applied by public authorities in the development and refinement of spatial development strategies.

Increasing the competitiveness of industrial production largely depends on the development of interregional cooperation, which implies a deepening of specialization. The other side of cooperation is the expansion of interregional exchange. In modern conditions, cooperation and exchange ties extend not only to the domestic market, but also to the external one. Dependence on foreign markets has already become decisive for many countries today. Different regions of Russia depend on foreign markets in different ways. These differences also apply to activities. The article discusses the content and tasks of restructuring ties for cooperation in the industry of the Republic of Bashkortostan in the context of economic sanctions. Among the emerging problems are the narrowing of sales markets, breaks in technological chains and the associated decrease in the level of innovation and competitiveness of enterprises. The mechanism for restoring the integrity of production chains is shown, including the reorientation of the exchange to friendly countries, the search for and finding sources of goods and services within the country, for which it is proposed to organize joint production of components and expand their existing production facilities, with the involvement of potential consumers.

The article considers the problem of identifying windows of opportunity for the sustainable development of the Russian industrial sector. The relevance of this article is due to the need to improve the mechanism of communication between the innovative and practical environments of the domestic industry, to identify the optimal terms and conditions for the implementation of new technical and technological solutions. Based on the analysis of the factors affecting the prospects for the practical implementation of innovations, it is shown that changing over time, they at certain times create technological windows of opportunity for enterprises with the most favorable combination of needs, readiness and capabilities of an economic entity to use the innovations proposed by developers. Their timely identification will help to improve targeting and reduce the timing of innovation. The article presents concept map of the formation of a mechanism for identifying windows of opportunity, which provides for its decomposition into three consecutive hierarchical levels – the level of analysis of influencing indicators, the level of identification of compliance of the innovation with the needs of the enterprise and its capabilities. The purpose of this work is to determine approaches to the creation of a preventive assessment mechanism and to establish the most favorable combinations of factors of technical and technological development of industrial organizations in the most appropriate, but critically short time.

At the beginning of 2020, problems arose that will affect the further development of the economy and transport, firstly, the withdrawal of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates from the OPEC deal, secondly, the fall in the price of Brent oil by more than 30%, thirdly, the outbreak of the coronavirus infection COVID-19, which has largely affected enterprises in all industries. The development of the country’s economy in the global world economy is characterized by volatility and the presence of risks associated with the presence in it of countries with different levels of economic development, economic structure, orientation of the economy, the social structure of society, and the quality of the labor force. The market of road transport services is characterized by a high level of competition in the market. This is due to the following factors: market saturation, the optimal level of tariffs, the volatility of the country’s market economy and the dependence of the transport services market on industrial production, namely on shippers and consignees. Commercial activity can be interpreted as part of entrepreneurial activity related to the sale of goods and services for profit. As the main directions for improving commercial activities, it is planned to integrate marketing and logistics services, which will reduce risks at the stages of movement and storage of products; optimization of business processes of the organization; increasing the company’s rating based on the choice of a reliable carrier; rational selection of a logistics operator.

The article is devoted to the study of the potential for enhancing interregional cooperation and its main directions. The purpose of the study is to substantiate promising areas of interregional interaction of the Republic of Bashkortostan with neighbouring regions based on an assessment of competitive advantages. In accordance with the goal set, the development levels of individual regions have been determined; the competitive economic activities in them have been evaluated; the specialization of regions, taking into account their competitiveness, as well as the budgetary basis for the development of interregional relations have been identified. The study uses a systematic analysis of economic differences between the regions, identifying the directions of economic reserve flows on the basis of the criterion of alignment of their returns. The differences between the regions in natural conditions and natural resources, in specialization by type of economic activity and by individual types of agricultural products are considered as an economic basis for interregional interaction.

The article examines the problem of classification of small and medium-sized business in Russia, which is relevant due to the increase in state support for them, in order to increase the targeting of the support provided. The article also discusses the development of small and medium-sized business in Russia since the end of the previous century, its gradually changing legislative regulation and comparison of criteria for classification of small and medium-sized business in Russia and foreign countries. In addition, the question is raised about small and medium-sized business falling out of the official classification, while, by their nature of activity, do not cease to be such and possible causes of this phenomenon. In order to resolve controversial issues of classification, some assumptions and possible ways to solve are put forward in the article on the basis of the conducted research that can eliminate gaps in legislation. Within the framework of writing this article, such scientific research methods were used as analysis and generalization of domestic and foreign anti-crisis measures.

A new way of developing a mathematical model of the dynamics of the factors forming the considered social, political, economic, ecological or other space of life activity of society, depending on local changes in parameters affecting these factors, is presented. A feature of the proposed approach is the use of a matrix of marginal values included in the study that make up the Jacobi matrix of noted factors. The dependence of the factors describing the socio-economic system on the parameters of the model is obtained in explicit form. Under certain conditions, the described relations have the form of mappings close to extension. A generalized assessment of these transformations is proposed. Accounting for this assessment is important for preventing crisis phenomena. The model is intended to be used for informational, forecasting, management and governance purposes in the presence of a sufficient digitalization’s degree of public structures, without which it is problematic to receive and transmit data for building the model, and perform related calculations.

Companies of all types of organization and forms of ownership use different ways of doing business, have different opportunities and conditions for doing business. However, in order to achieve the effectiveness of such activities, to compare the capabilities of companies in different markets, it is possible to form a system of actions that is common and optimal for all types and forms of entrepreneurial activity. These activities are interconnected and include setting goals, determining the nature and direction of entrepreneurial activity in the markets and the formation of a structure for conducting and analyzing entrepreneurial activity, which allows achieving the set goals. The article proposes a generalized structure for conducting and analyzing the effectiveness of a company’s business for any type of business, including an analysis of external conditions, its impact on the implementation of its own, internal business opportunities in the market and the achievement of company goals in current and forecast market conditions. The structure will allow to explore and compare the possibility of effective business activities of companies of any form of ownership and types of activities in various markets.

The relevance of the study is determined by the development of digital technologies in the activities of organizations, which necessitates the use of digital platforms to ensure openness and transparency of company reporting. This article is a continuation of an article published in the journal “Vestnik universiteta” no. 7 of 2022. The article explores the possibilities of increasing the information potential of corporate reporting in the context of objects, processes and commercial relations largescale digitalization. The impact of digital platforms and models on the completeness of the implementation of the principles of transparency in the formation of corporate reporting is determined. The use in the course of the study of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as methods of logical comparison, reduction and selection of methodologically important facts of reality, made it possible to conclude that in legal terms, the electronic form of existence of objects, objects, processes is legitimized, and the digital form is a deep care into the virtual world through cryptography, the use of complex systems, encryption code and a limited number of participants. The article critically evaluates the ability of XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language) models to generate transparent reporting. It is assumed that the concept of “digital financial assets” can be formalized as financial instruments with an appropriate interpretation of the results of operations with them in corporate reporting. Unambiguous understanding of new “digital” terms will form a consistent accounting policy of the company and increase, accordingly, the information potential of accounting (financial) statements.

The purpose of the study is to determine the nature of the impact of digitalization of the domestic securities market on the development of the securities market and the presence of unfair practices on it, in particular, insider trading and manipulation. In the context of the development of technologies and their mass introduction into the financial system, in addition to positive effects, new problems arise related to the control and regulation of its individual elements. Thus, the digitalization of the securities market infrastructure requires the development of a new system of control over compliance with legislation in the field of countering unfair practices. It is necessary to develop new forms and methods of identification and control that meet the level of technologies being implemented. The subject of the study is changes in the securities market and the system of countering unfair practices in the process of its development. The article discusses the main stages of the development of the securities market. Methods of analysis, synthesis and systematisation of data were used. The main problems of countering insider trading and manipulation arising in connection with the introduction of new forms of functioning of the securities market are identified. The scientific significance of the study is to identify the main problems associated with the inconsistency of the existing system for identifying and controlling unfair practices and the current level of development of the securities market infrastructure.

Digitalization of control activities is a prerequisite for quality implementation of state financial control in the Russian Federation and effective interaction between all control bodies in order to prevent and combat violations in the financial and budgetary sphere. The article is devoted to the idea of introducing a new “digital control”. This solution is based on transferring the processes of interaction between control bodies and objects to a digital environment, which will allow to conduct a digital dialogue. The possible results of the departmental project in terms of the Federal Treasury control unit are considered. Current actions of government authorities in control (supervision) and oversight in the financial and budgetary sphere, as well as measures taken by the Federal Treasury in this area were analysed. It is concluded that digital transformation has in fact become a necessary condition for increasing the efficiency of control in the financial and budgetary sphere.

The paper presents a description of the activities of the State Development Bank of China (GBRK). The author reveals the structure of the bank’s owners; GBRK mainly implements projects in the field of infrastructure, agriculture and industry, innovation both in China and abroad. The Bank finances its activities primarily through the issuance and sale of bonds. The growth of GBRK assets allows the bank to increase lending volumes, the number of financed projects. Most of the projects financed by the GBRC are being implemented in China; the bank is also actively working abroad: it participates in the import of minerals to China, and promotes the export of Chinese goods and services. The experience gained in the implementation of projects in China allows the bank abroad to successfully select projects, carry out their joint financing (taking into account local conditions). The strategically sound selection of projects, their successful implementation in key segments of the Chinese economy, and the growth of the bank’s assets determine the decisive contribution of the GBRC to China’s sustainable economic growth.

In the article, the authors consider the issues of monetary policy as one of the main components of the economic policy of the state. A key role in the formation of monetary policy belongs to Central banks, which focus their activities on ensuring price or monetary stability, stability of the purchasing power of the national currency. The authors analyze the intermediate targets of monetary policy and its regimes carried out by economically developed countries of the world: monetary targeting, exchange rate targeting, inflation targeting or inflation targeting. An assessment is given of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation inflation targeting policy, which uses interest rate policy as the main instrument of monetary regulation, as one of the main channels of monetary policy impact on the economy, namely, changing the conditions for financing the real sector of the economy through the financial market.

Based on the analysis of the results of the survey conducted by the authors through a service such as Google Forms, some aspects of the impact of the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic on the socio-psychological state of a person are considered. The sample of respondents can be described as spontaneous. The age of respondents in the range from 14 to 71 years, these are residents of different states, localities, differing in the nature of leading activities and social status. However, the results of the study demonstrate that place, age, status and other characteristics are not crucial in terms of socio-psychological well-being during the pandemic. Among the main problems faced by the population in the conditions of the pandemic are limited contacts and movement, difficulties with the organization of school-age children’s studies, loss of work and reduced income, fear for their health and the health of loved ones.

The article deals with the problem of domestic violence, which has its roots since ancient times and is quite common at the present time. The main types and forms of violence (physical, economic, sexual, psychological) are considered. In Russian society, women do not feel protected from the violence of spouses and other close relatives. In modern conditions, various forms of the use of force against women are common: domestic despotism, beatings, rape, sexual harassment. In many societies, family violence between a man and a woman is not perceived as a crime against society, but is a private matter of the family. It is believed that family members resort to physical violence in cases where they have no other opportunity to influence the family’s decision-making due to lack of authority. Psychological concepts have established a special role in the causes of violence of such factors as the weakening of instinctual control, frustration, aggressiveness, alcoholism, psychopathology. Sociological approaches focus on cultural norms that provoke violence, patriarchal social structure.

The article presents the results of testing the hypothesis about the presence of destructive tendencies in the socio-psychological status of mothers in families raising children with visual impairments, as well as about the disharmonious nature of their psychological culture. Mothers from 48 families took part in the experiment. Negative trends such as: excessive importance of the mother’s role in the family circle; estrangement from the spouse; intimacy with the child to the detriment of intimacy with the spouse were found. The following are noted: a high level of psychological culture of mothers in terms of the “strength of aspiration” parameter and an average level in terms of the “degree of their realization” parameter, as well as some contradictions in the indicators of sensitivity, emotional acceptance and behavioral manifestations of mothers in relations with their children, which in general gave reason to define their psychological culture as “disharmonious”.

The article is devoted to the study of the transformation of the highest political elite of the Russian Empire after the death of Peter the Great. This is one of the most difficult and dramatic periods in Russian history, called the era of “palace coups”. The main properties of the Russian political elite formed by the reforms of Peter the Great are analyzed, its main features are determined that influenced the nature of the intra-elite struggle and led to the transformation of the highest political elite in Russia. The composition and goals of the main court groups that fought for power under Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna are considered in detail. The formation of such bodies as the Supreme Privy Council under Catherine I and the Cabinet of Ministers under Anna Ioannovna and their influence on ensuring the interests and transformation of the highest political elite are analyzed. Attempts to limit royal power by members of the Supreme Privy Council were considered and conclusions were drawn about the reasons for their failure.

The article is based on the study of state-party normative documents, such as the National Cultural Development Plan, The Cultural Industries Reinvigoration Plan, the National Economic and Social Development Plans China’s National Economic and Social Development Plans for the Twelfth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth FiveYear Plan periods. The focus on cultural projects is understood as an instrument of China’s soft power in its foreign policy course. In addition, national projects of educational and cultural nature are given the importance of state branding in the system of global reforms undertaken in the country. The article considers such reasons for the authorities to address cultural issues as the inadequate system of services provided in the field of education and culture; the predominance of small-scale commodity production in the cultural industry. The lack of professionalism of the management of the cultural institutions has negative consequences for the cultural ecology. The tasks of state regulation are: improvement of general cultural characteristics of the population and society as a whole, economic growth, preservation of the environment, increase of material level of the population.

The article is prepared on the basis of empirical data obtained from a sample of senior students divided into two groups – a group of working and a group of non-working students. They studied and compared social values and individual priorities, as well as basic beliefs. It is shown that both student samples are generally characterized by the same average overall level of social values (3.9 points out of 7 possible) and a low overall level of individual priorities, although it is higher for working students (2.1 vs. 1.8 points). The priority of social values over individual values was found in both groups. Intergroup differences in the value of “power” are established: its indicator is higher among working students; non-working students attach more importance to independence. Working students, in comparison with non-working students, have a higher individual significance of conformity and achievements. Students of both groups have a high level of conviction in their own worth and luck, but the world seems to them more unfair than fair. Significant intergroup differences in none of the five basic beliefs were revealed.

The relevance of the problem under study is due to the problems that arise in the conditions of remote forms of labor interaction, as well as the role of the manager in creating an effective communication environment. The purpose of the article is to present the results of a study of the effect of information distortion in labor interaction in isolation, statistical and qualitative analysis of the results. The data obtained allow us to say that in the conditions of remote forms of labor interaction, the lack of direct contact leads to the difficulty of understanding the transmitted information, a decrease in job satisfaction, remission of the levels of well-being, activity and mood, which disrupts the quality of labor communication. The study showed that the subjective assessment of the effectiveness of leadership has a great impact on the state of the participants in the labor interaction. To ensure effective interaction of employees, it is necessary to introduce the rules of remote communication: unified, standardized requirements for communication in remote mode that meet the specifics of a particular enterprise; exclusion from communication of all manifestations of negative emotions; use of all range of available means of communication; emotional leadership of the leader.

The results of psychological studies of the factors of the effectiveness of competitive activity in professional skills are presented. The psychological content of this activity, its connection with competitive activity is revealed. The main method of empirical research of psychological factors of the effectiveness of competitive activity in professional skills was a comparative analysis of highly and poorly effective activities, as well as personal and professional qualities of their subjects. For this purpose, the survey of winners and prize-winners of professional skills competitions, as well as those participants who performed unsuccessfully, was used. The main psychological determinants that ensure successful performance at professional skill competitions with a high level of instrumental readiness are identified. The main psychological reasons for unsuccessful performances are identified - excessive independence with insufficient experience of psychological training; insufficient command of psychological technologies of self-action; low need for achievements, blurred fuzzy image of “I am the winner”; inadequate (overestimated and understated) self-esteem; unproductive reflection, low level of reflective culture; insufficient level of development of the main personal and professional qualities; uncertainty.