The article considers scenarios of application of neural networks of different architectures to fulfill tasks in the foresight process. The purpose of the article is to determine at what stages of the foresight procedure the application of neural networks is justified and with what architecture. The differences between foresight and the process of forecasting are revealed. In addition, the concept of foresight, its main stages and phases, classification are considered. It is substantiated that the application of neural networks can significantly facilitate the foresight procedure at such stages as collection and processing of primary information, development of scenarios and solutions to problems, communication, and report preparation. It is shown that different types of neural networks are suitable for different foresight tasks. It is revealed that neural networks can process a larger amount of data and automatically detect complex patterns, which makes them more effective under conditions of environmental uncertainty and variability. The article ephasises the importance of further research and development of methods for applying neural networks in foresight processes with consideration to the specifics of particular industries and types of tasks. In the course of the research, the authors used analytical methods of diagnostics, establishing cause-and-effect relationships, etc.

The article presents approaches to monitoring and assessing social aspects of regional systems with identification of elements of the health system and demographic components that potentially affect the economic efficiency of functioning of territories. The relevance of the article is determined by objective features of the development of mesoterritories. The analysis of spatial features of the systems’ functioning was conducted on the materials of the Central Federal District. The purpose of the study is to assess the features of the regional genesis using regression analysis and the resulting indicator – gross regional product (hereinafter referred to as GRP), which allows us to give a more reliable characterisation of the mesoterritorial transformation. The subjects were grouped according to the quality of medical and demographic characteristics on the basis of the cluster analysis with further allocation of flagship, catching-up and lagging regions. To substantiate the reliability of the territories’ affiliation to a specific cluster group, a statistical analysis was performed on average values with consideration to identification of the level of medical and demographic development. The conclusion is made about the influence of some factor criteria on the regional space with the construction of a scatter plot. It displays the affiliation to the selected confidence interval and distribution of the elements of the set in the plane between the resulting and factor values, describing the dependence of the GRP on the medical and demographic indicator. These econometric and analytical models can be used by regional governments in the process of strategic planning.

The main feature of films featuring animals is the increased level of their complexity and, as a result, high risks of such projects. In this regard, it became necessary to study the process of organising films with animals at the conceptual and methodological levels. To understand the relationships and components of the concept, the authors developed a conceptual scheme for organising such filming process. The implementation of the stages of this scheme involves development of a set of modules that allow each of the elements to be realiseded. In addition, it becomes possible to find their most rational combination in the set which will help solve complex tasks related to the use of ­animals on a film set. The conceptual scheme also includes three components: preparation for management of the filming process with animals, formation of a mechanism of organisation of this filming process and its implementation. The complex of these components outlines the field of methodological support for organisation of the filming process of creation of an audiovisual product featuring animals. The authors of the article also developed recommendations for improving the methodological support of this process. It was concluded that it is necessary to manage the risk level with consideration to possible outcome options, thus minimising injuries of people that work in close proximity to the animal.

While determining plans for growth of gross domestic product targets in the 14th five-year plan, China outlined an infrastructure plan for the country’s development as one of the growth drivers, and thus prioritised mastery of new technologies and job creation. It is a formulated and implemented today in China dual circulation strategy. China is building an advanced digital and innovative infrastructure. Such a modern public-private partnership institution (hereinafter referred to as PPP), which became widespread in the world and in China, is the best example of the appropriateness of interaction of the public and private sectors in economic development of the state. This institution has proved its viability by combining the efforts and resources of the state and private business in the framework of specific projects and thus shaping a new quality of development. PPP is one of the most successful economic instruments for interaction of the state and private business in infrastructure development with raising capital. PPP shows its sustainability in China’s innovative economic life: civil aviation infrastructure, construction of high-speed railways, utilities in megalopolises. These are knowledge- and material-intensive projects where PPP are particularly effective in attracting capital and implementing projects. The purpose of this study is to analyse PPP development in China and participation of PPP in the development of China’s innovative infrastructure with the full support of the state.

The article presents the factors of modern development of tourism in Russia. Statistics on the development of the Russian tourism indicate that the direction, dynamics and intensity of tourist flows have changed quite significantly from 2010 to 2022. According to certain development parameters of the domestic tourism industry, there are both considerable achievements and unresolved issues. The formulation of public policy on resolution of the latter should be implemented on the basis of current factors. Sustainable development of the Russian tourism sector is possible by ensuring an integrated approach that includes improvement of the quality of tourism services based on the principles of sustainable tourism alongside with increase of investment attractiveness of tourism infrastructure and increase of investments in tourism digital products. The expected promising directions for the development of the industry are substantiated: the priority of health and safety, ecotourism, decrease in the number of spontaneous trips, development of niche tourism areas, digitalisation of the industry, virtualisation and simulation (imitation of tourism activities). Attention is focused on important factors of tourism development: potential growth points for the tourism industry are identified as well as the expected types of tourism that will attract demand from tourists.

Shipping is one of the industries that lags far behind others in environmental sustainability, especially when it comes to reducing the harmful impact on the environment, which makes the problem relevant. The article presents the concept of “green” logistics and its principles used in business practices. Current key problems of maritime transport related to environmental logistics and new requirements of the International Maritime Organisation are described. The experience of applying “green” technologies by foreign companies in the maritime industry has been analysed. It shows that electrification and decarbonisation can be successfully introduced into business practice and lead to improved environmental performance. The state of seaport infrastructure and vessels in the Russian Federation was studied. Certain Russian projects following “green” logistics trends are presented with description of the implemented systems, technologies, and new equipment. Conclusions are made about the potential of “green” logistics in Russia in the future: reduction of negative environmental impact, increase of competitiveness of Russian companies and new opportunities for business development.

The article is devoted to educational tourism which currently acts as one of the promising technologies of modern education, demonstrating a steady demand for it despite the aggravated geopolitical and socio-economic situations, and that explains the relevance of this issue. An important goal of educational tourism is formation of a comprehensively developed personality capable of vigorous activity in a multiethnic and multicultural environment. On the basis of characteristic features of educational tourism described in this article, a definition is formulated in which the integrative nature of the studied type of tourism is identified. In addition, the main directions of educational tours are given that allow to get the most complete picture of this social phenomenon alongside with the advantages of educational trips for both the host country and the student. The paper considers the Russian export of educational services, which makes it possible to increase the stability of the local economy. Some relevant initiatives contributing to the development of educational tourism in Russia have also been studied. The arguments justifying the need for its immediate development are presented as well as the tasks that require priority solutions for this. It is concluded that tourism and education are the key drivers for the development of the modern economy.

The article is devoted to the analysis (consideration) of peculiarities of management in the sphere of transport at the present stage of social and technological development. The role of transport and infrastructure projects as a key element of the country’s economic development is described. Being linked into a single comprehensive plan, infrastructure solutions become the basis for the development of a country or territory. It was concluded that with the current form of organisation of transport activities, a two-circuit management system is believed to be optimal, when the role of the state is reduced to planning of long cycles and to the role of economic administrator. The private sector, individual carriers, small companies regulate the quality of service by individualising the supply. One of the most important points of contact between these systems is the sphere of education. The authors describe the concept of engineering and management approach to education. This approach will make it possible to systematically train specialists with both technological and managerial competencies which will become an impetus for the development of economic sectors and strengthening the technological sovereignty of the state. The purpose of the article is to determine the patterns of functioning of the transport and logistics sphere in the framework of supply-side economics, and to consider the engineering and management approach to the training of specialists (for the industry).

The article examines the challenges caused by changes in the global situation that the production of filtration equipment faced. The equipment is used for the petrochemical complex. The article assesses prospects for technological independence in the petrochemical complex, including the auxiliary market of filtration and separation equipment. The article provides a statistical analysis of the indicators of the Russian filtration sector and analyses the applied filtration and separation methods in a comparative manner. To determine the prospects of companies producing the corresponding equipment and its individual structural elements, the method of situational analysis was used, with the help of which the features of products manufactured at the present stage that influence the development of business in this economic segment are identified. With the method of economic forecasting, the perspective position of domestic manufacturers in the filtration market was determined. With consideration to the modern developments in the field of industry management and to the given basic concepts used in the management of western companies, the possible ways of introduction of advanced managerial decisions were proposed. It is done in order to improve the position of domestic producers, to develop business and to switch to a new level of product improvement, process optimisation, continuous development of companies’ approaches, and thus respond quickly to the emerging challenges.

The article reflects current issues of the formation and regulation of tariffs that have developed in the modern economy. A brief analysis of the historical development of tariff regulation with the assessment of the used methods and ways is conducted. The authors identified expediency of tariff formation and regulation by a single body determining functions and set tasks. The study uses descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods. The article describes a positive example of applying the practice of deregulation with subsequent possible extension to other areas. The reasons of inefficiency of using the marginal indices mechanism are determined and justified, which is directly related to underfunding of the industry and lack of investment components. The question is raised about the fulfillment of the development, or social function by tariff regulation. It is proved that the current tariff system is not able to change the situation of increasing the investment base necessary to stabilise the deterioration of infrastructure. The main components of the current tariff regulation system are identified, and the directions of a new development model are proposed with consideration to the problems found by the study. According to the research results, conclusions are given that reflect the essence of the designated topic for possible solutions to issues existing in the functioning development model.

Developed countries offset global warming by abandoning high-carbon products in favour of low-carbon products and by introducing a transboundary carbon tax for those countries that are unable to make the transition immediately. One of the ways of the transition in developed countries is proposed generation of electricity from renewable energy sources (hereinafter referred to as RES). The purpose of the article is to assess the consequences of ­using RES as one of the ways to the transition to low-carbon products. RES are the object of the study, especially wind and solar power plants. Energy generation on them is considered an environmentally friendly production and does not require large operational costs. The subject of the study is economic relations that occur concerning construction and use of RES. The methodological basis of the study includes general scientific methods (generalization, systematisation) and economic-statistical methods (comparative analysis, tabular techniques for data visualisation). The main results of the study lie in justifying large investment costs in RES which are associated with provision of significant areas of land and sea and their withdrawal from agricultural turnover; with scarce and poorly developed deposits of non-energy commodities which are necessary for the creation of RES equipment; with unevenness in energy production and its low density in wind and solar power plants. That requires investments in storage and balancing systems. In pursuit of environmentally friendly production the West does not consider many components of economic efficiency: environmental protection and safety of working and living conditions of some countries in Asia, Africa and South America, and natural means of absorbing greenhouse gases. It should be ignored in the future when justifying economic efficiency of RES.

The income of citizens reflects the degree of economic development of the country, and in the regional aspect – the degree of economic development of each region. Canada is very similar to Russia in its geographical location, nature and climate, so the standard of living of the population in this country is of interest. One of its indicators is the income of citizens. The state’s approach to personal income taxation reflects the general socio-economic policy in the country. The study analysed the tax burden on personal income in the provinces of Canada in 2000–2022, determined the dynamics of this indicator for the period under review, and identified the existence of correlation between the amount of income and the tax burden on it in the regional aspect. The results obtained found that in Canada, there is a conditional division into eastern provinces with a traditionally high tax burden, western provinces with a national average tax burden, and northern territories with a relatively low tax burden. A certain inverse relationship between the amount of citizens’ income and the tax burden on it has been established. In regions with high incomes, the tax burden is usually lower, and in regions with low incomes, it is generally higher. However, there are regions that are exceptions, which shows the relative financial independence of regional authorities in Canada. The dynamics of the tax burden on personal income in the analysed period reflected the impact of the crises of 2008 and 2020 when it decreased. This fact demonstrates the sensitive response of regional governments to the changing economic situation.

This article is devoted to problems of the process of rendering services in the field of customs during digitalisation of the economy. The observed mechanism of rendering state customs services, as well as improving their quality, naturally affect the entire service sector and the development of the country’s economy as a whole. The main purposes of the article are to analyse the mechanism of rendering services in the field of customs and to search for effective methods of assessing their quality. The relevance of the article is determined by the need to improve the operations performed to be able to manage the quality of provided customs services. The main objective of this article is to propose possible ways to reduce time costs without losing the quality of customs control in the process of providing the services. The article used both theoretical (analysis of the current legislation) and empirical research methods (giving practical examples of improving the efficiency of customs operations and the quality of customs services). The results of the study are the following: development of sequential operations performed by customs authorities in the process of rendering services in the field of customs; proposal of possible criteria for assessing their quality; formulation of options for managing this quality.

The article analyses the asymmetry of the development of the Eurasian Economic Union countries (hereinafter referred to as the EAEU). The objective of the work is to analyse the symmetrical development of countries within the framework of the EAEU and to formulate measures and recommendations for increase of the economic potential of the countries. In order to achieve the purpose, the objective of comparative assessment on the basis of three indicators was set and overcome. The three indicators include gross domestic product per capita, investments per capita and average accrued salary. The corresponding calculations were done for each indicator, and graphs were constructed showing the general state of the economic development. During the study, the methods of factor and system analysis were applied. The initial data for the study were the official sources of the statistical authorities of the EAEU countries, the Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States as well as publications and scientific articles related to this topic. The main problem is the uneven economic development of the EAEU member states which leads to negative consequences for strengthening the integration process. As a result of the study, some measures were proposed to achieve the symmetrical development of the countries within the framework of the EAEU, and recommendations were prepared for the effective development of interaction between the member countries of the integration association. Following the results of this work, a conclusion was formulated on strengthening ties between the countries by focusing on a mixed economy with government regulation, infrastructure development and increased investment activity.

The greatest demand in the modern world is for business valuation service. Valuation activity makes it possible to identify the important characteristics of a particular business which is necessary for making management decisions by company owners. The results of business valuation are used to determine existing perspectives: the presence of investment opportunities, ways to optimise business processes, need to expand business activities, etc. According to statistics, several decades ago, business valuation was conducted in no more than 10 % of cases. Currently, on the contrary, more than 90 % of companies are interested in regular valuation. However, the widespread demand for business valuation has made it possible to find a number of pressing problems that need to be solved in the future. One of the most serious сhallenges is the existence of problem areas in the national legal framework. The work examines the process of business valuation using basic methods and approaches, analyses the foreign experience on the research topic and also valuates a domestic enterprise in different ways. The authors concluded that it is necessary to choose the method that can be most effective in valuating a particular enterprise in particular conditions.

Since agriculture is an important sector of the Russian economy, the problem of lack of capital in this sector is still relevant. The article shows that in the era of digital technologies, new sources of fundraising are emerging in the agro-industrial complex. Crowdfunding is one of such modern sources of financing in the world practice which is able to significantly expand the basis of the investment pyramid of the agricultural sector. In the course of the study, a review of domestic and foreign literature on this method of raising funds was conducted. General scientific methods were used: observation, comparison, measurement, analysis and synthesis, the method of logical reasoning, and specific scientific method of static analysis. A critical review of domestic and foreign practice has shown the main advantages and disadvantages of attracting financing through crowdfunding platforms. Also, as a result of the conducted research, it was found that this way of attracting investments not only solves problems of financing the agricultural sector, but is also a successful method for agricultural enterprises to enter foreign markets. In the era of innovative finance, this article contributes to the growing literature and initiatives to introduce and develop crowdfunding in the agri-food industry.

The paper studies discussion issues of the simplified procedure for obtaining tax deductions for personal income tax (hereinafter referred to as PIT). The objectives of the study are the following: to review the changes in tax legislation from January 1, 2024 in the field of proactive mode of granting tax deductions for PIT, to justify the increasing role of this interaction between individuals and tax authorities, to identify current problems and to search for ways of solving them. The authors analysed the practice of application of the simplified procedure for obtaining property and investment tax deductions; statistical data of the Federal Tax Service of Russia on the provision of tax deductions in a simplified manner (1-DDK statistical form “On the declaration of personal income”). The analysis of key changes in the provision of deductions entering into force on January 1, 20124 was also conducted. The main problems that individuals may have when receiving deductions or that tax authorities may face in the course of tax control are highlighted, and possible ways to solve them are identified. The authors concluded, firstly, that it is necessary to form prefilled applications not only while receiving tax deductions, but also when paying PIT, for example, when a person sells real estate, cars. Secondly, it is required to enshrine in tax legislation the order of priority of providing tax deductions if a taxpayer has the right for several types of them. The obtained results can be used in developing solutions to taxation of personal income and provision of tax deductions, in legislative drafting on improvement of provisions of the state tax policy.

In today’s rapidly developing world, young people play an important role in the segment of active consumers of goods and services. Their behaviour in the consumer market is formed under the influence of subjective moods, ideas, assessments, and expectations. The purpose of this work is to study the state and dynamics of consumer sentiment among young people in the Vologda region using the results of public opinion monitoring and using the index method of processing sociological information. The results of the study showed that the consumer behaviour of young people has a number of specific characteristics: rationality, responsiveness to new products, spontaneity, desire to follow fashion, status. The formation of various consumption models and practices among representatives of the younger generation is largely determined by consumer sentiment. During the measurement period, young people’s assessments were dominated by negative characteristics of their financial situation, opportunities for purchasing goods and services, current economic situation and prospects for its further development. The unfavorable consumer sentiment of the youth significantly deforms its typical features of consumer behaviour, hinders the formation of modern consumer practices and the development of the regional consumer market in accordance with new all-Russian and global trends. Improving the consumer sentiment of young people is directly related to enhancement of the state’s youth and economic policies aimed at improving the socio-economic situation of young members of the Russian society and creating sufficient guarantees for young citizens to exercise their rights and freedoms.

The article is devoted to determining the specifics of the ideal of traditional management education in China in the context of the modern strategy of ­China’s digital breakthrough. Using historical-philosophical, comparative and hermeneutic methods, the authors refer to the works of thinkers of Old China and modern researchers on the topic of education and public administration, and identify the components of the ideal traditional management education. It is stated that the ideal of management education is historical in nature, continuously developing and consists of a traditional core, which needs to be preserved and protected, and a “floating” part that is always adjusted in the conditions of changing reality. The Chinese society is characterised by the constant presence among the components of the national idea that lies in the dream to form a perfect managerial education based on historical practice which solved the state task of training managers of various levels. The historical prerequisites for the formation of such an ideal are described and the development of the modern system of education of civil servant is shown. Three main elements of the traditional education system are emphasised: concentration of knowledge under control of the national caste of managers; cognitive duality teacher-pupil as the basis of the learning process; stimulation of public education in contrast to home schooling. It is concluded that effective managerial education is impossible without a socio-cultural basis, a kind of educational ideal which fulfills the regulatory function.

The article is devoted to the study of the genesis of understanding the causes of bias and discrimination of human capital from traditional forms to the era of digitalisation and artificial intelligence (hereinafter referred to as AI). In this article, the authors continue their case studies in the field of studying the ethics of AI, advantages and risks of its widespread distribution and use. The main purpose of writing this work is to study the question of how the use of AI and algorithmic solutions aggravates the problem of bias and discrimination of human capital which is inevitably associated with the emergence of AI. The authors of the article present a brief overview of the retrospective, discover new modern forms of discrimination generated by the action of AI and subject them to open discussion, offering their vision of solving issues on neutralisation the risks caused by the use of AI technologies in relation to certain groups of workers. The authors consider in the article the manifestations of bias and discrimination in society in general and in the field of human resource management in particular, identify possible threats of discrimination as a result of the spread of AI and the consequences of these threats.

The article examines the theoretical foundations of the analysis of ethnic stereotypes and prejudices that have developed in modern sociological and socio-psychological science. The patterns of this phenomenon characteristic of modern society are highlighted. The results of the authors’ own empirical study of ethnic stereotypes and prejudices of modern Russian youth are presented that made it possible to identify the regional specificity of the manifestation of this phenomenon among Perm youth and to compared it with the Moscow youth. The specificity was identified according to behavioural (behaviour in the process of interethnic conflict; existence of interpersonal relationships with representatives of another ethnic group; orientation towards a certain type of relationship with representatives of another ethnic group), cognitive (knowledge about representatives of their own and other ethnic groups; trust in services provided by representatives of different ethnic groups and by migrants; trust in representatives of different ethnic groups) and emotional parameters (emotional attitude to the culture and traditions of another ethnic group; emotional attitude to interethnic conflict). The main factors influencing the formation of ethnic stereotypes and prejudices among Perm and Moscow youth are clarified. These results can be used for further study of regional characteristics of interethnic relations and ethnic stereotypes, prejudices, their dynamics and effective interaction of ethnophors as well as to optimise the process of interethnic relations.

The article describes the influence of university educational environment on the formation of resistance to stress in future teachers. A theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of psychological stress as a state of mental tension manifested in emotional, behavioural and somatic sensations is presented. The results of testing 529 students, who were examined in April 2022, using the PSN-25 methodology were analysed. The features of the stress level of future teachers are formulated and statistically substantiated, depending on the direction of professional subject training (foreign language, music, physical education), course of study, gender. It was found that more than half of all respondents do not experience excessive mental stress. The number of students with a low level of stress increases from the first year to the third one, regardless of the direction of professional subject training. Among future foreign language teachers, a relatively higher level of mental stress prevails. This trend is statistically significant for the first-year students of the sample. Future of physical education and music teachers are more normalised in terms of mental stress which may be due to the peculiarities of educational environment of these faculties and due to the nature of educational and professional activities. Significant gender differences in the prevalence of higher stress levels in young ladies compared to young men were revealed in a sample of these two directions of training.

The article presents a model of personal resource of a civil aviation pilot and the experience of studying one of the components of this model – a communicative resource. The article analyses the results of a study of the propensity for communicative aggressiveness of the 5th year cadets of the Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation named after the Chief Marshal of Aviation B.P. Bugaev who are studying in the field of “Organization of flight work”. 83 people participated in the study. V.V. Bojko’s questionnaire “Determination of integral forms of communicative aggressiveness” was used as a diagnostic tool. This technique is designed to assess a person’s predisposition to aggression in various situations and contains 11 parameters of explicit and hidden forms of aggressive human behaviour. The article substantiates the relevance of studying communicative aggressiveness as a professional destruction of civil aviation pilots. The analysis of the average group and personal values of various parameters characterising the respondents’ propensity to aggressive manifestations was conducted. Recommendations are given on the development of emotional intelligence of future civil aviation pilots in the conditions of their higher professional education. The experience of the Ulyanovsk Institute of Civil Aviation in the prevention and correction of educational and professional stress of participants in the educational process is presented.

The article is devoted to identification of the main characteristics that constitute the concept “value attitude of a person to their psychological health” that was conducted on the basis of the analysis of domestic and foreign literature. Firstly, the characteristic “health” was highlighted which is a state of the body characterised by internal comfort providing various functions of vital activity, creating mental, social and physical well-being that forms the basis of life quality. Secondly, the authors defined the characteristic “psychological health” as a psychological state of internal well-being of a person which depends on the individual-personal characteristics of a human, on their views and attitudes, on the degree of satisfaction of their needs and implementation of their own life plans. It is also seen as the ability of a person to withstand various stresses, changes in life and the ability to recover after that. Thirdly, the characteristic “value” was outlined. It is ideological orientation of the individual which is formed by their ideas of ideals, moral standards of behaviour in everyday life and which determines the personal meaning. Fourthly, the characteristic “attitude” was also studied. It is a conscious, selective, experience-based psychological connection of a person with reality which is expressed in actions, reactions and experiences and is formed in the process of activity. The final characteristic of the considered concept was the “value attitude”. It is defined as a one-sided relationship between a subject and an object when the subject assess the objects of reality according to their certain moral criteria. Thus, on the basis of the analysis of domestic and foreign psychological and pedagogical approaches, the authors have formulated the definition of the concept “value attitude of a person to their psychological health”.

The existing uncertainties in modern social life cause personal and mental stress in the field of communication and joint activities of people. The subject of the research is socio-psychological competence of sociology students. The purpose of the work is to study the existing ways of forming this competence in the process of teaching students at higher education institutions. In turn, in order to achieve the original purpose, the authors formulated the following objectives: to identify the current problems connected to the social competence, to consider the existing psychological culture of sociology students, and to explore the contemporary approaches to the formation of professional competence of sociology students. In order to fulfill the purpose and the corresponding objectives, the authors studied scientific articles written by other Russian researchers as a methodological basis and also considered the information contained on the Internet. Due to its own specifics, the topic is used in the process of teaching students at higher education institutions. This topic has been relevant throughout history, and therefore it seems necessary to continue research in this field. According to the research results, the following conclusions were made. The existence of ways of forming the professional competence of a future specialist allows us to identify options for improving the socio-psychological competencies of sociology students in the process of training at higher education institutions. Due to diverse approaches, it is possible to determine the manifestation of personal psychological culture most accurately. Educational institutions at the same time act as one of the main factors that influence socialisation and formation of the psychological culture of a sociology student during their education.